Table 2 Mouse models for studying roles of TGF-β signaling in obesity-related diseases
From: Recent advances in targeting obesity, with a focus on TGF-β signaling and vagus nerve innervation
Gene | Mouse Model | Model Design | Diet | Model Phenotype | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TGF-β1 | TGF-β1−/− (C57BL/6) | Disruption of TGF-β1 Exon 3 with a neomycin cassette | High-fat diet | Resistant to adipose tissue hypertrophy, liver steatosis, and insulin resistance (20 wks) | (Lee et al. 2023) |
TGF-β3 | TGF-β1Lβ3/Lβ3 | Ligating PCR products of TGF-β1 LAP with sequence for the mature HA-tagged ligands of murine TGF-β3, murine TGF-β2, and porcine TGF-β1 | High-fat diet | Weight loss and improved glucose tolerance (8 wks) | (Hall et al. 2013) |
TGF-βRI | TGF-βRIAdKO (C57BL/6) | TβRI floxed mice intercrossed with aP2-Cre mice | High-fat diet | Weight loss and glucose intolerance (24 wks) | (Wankhade et al. 2018) |
TGF-βRII | TGF-βRIIΔHEP (C57BL/6) | Albumin-Cre recombinase transgenic mice intercrossed with Tgfbr2flox/flox mice | High-fat diet | Lower MASLD scores and reduce liver weight (16 wks) | (Zhao et al. 2022) |
SMAD2 | β-cell-specific SMAD2−/− (C57BL/6J) | Ins1cre mice intercrossed with SMAD2fx/fx | High-fat diet | Improved glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity (12 wks) | (Saleh et al. 2021) |
SMAD3 | SMAD3−/− (C57BL/6J and Lep ob/ob mice) | Disruption of SMAD3 exon 8 with neomycin cassette | High-fat diet | Weight loss and insulin resistance (10 wks) | (Yadav et al. 2011) |
SMAD3 | SMAD3−/− (C57BL/6J) | SMAD3 heterozygous mice intercrossed | High-fat diet | Weight loss and insulin resistance (18 wks) | (Tan et al. 2011) |
SPTBN1 | SPTBN1LSKO (C57BL/6J) | Disruption of exons 24 to 26 of Sptbn1, with neomycin cassette. Neo cassettes removed by intercrossing with Flp mice. Sptbn1-Flox mice intercrossed with Albumin-Cre. | High-fat diet and Western diet | Resistant to obesity, MASLD, and MASH | (Rao et al. 2021) |
SPTBN1 | Aldh2−/−SPTBN1+/− (C57BL/6Jx129SvEv) | Aldh2−/− mice intercrossed with Sptbn1+/− mice | Western diet | Metabolic syndrome, Obesity, MASH | (Yang et al. 2024) |