Fig. 2
From: Recent advances in targeting obesity, with a focus on TGF-β signaling and vagus nerve innervation
Vagus nerve innervation and regulation of satiety. Vagus nerve innervations of metabolic organs are depicted. Peripheral signals related to satiety and hunger signal reach the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem via afferent vagal nerves or via the circulation reach the median eminence of the hypothalamus and area postrema (AP) of the brainstem. The NTS then projects to the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN), which modulates intestinal motility, secretion, glucose production, and pancreatic secretion through efferent vagal nerves. peptide tyrosine tyrosine, PYY; glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1; oxyntomodulin, OXM; cholecystokinin, CCK; fibroblast growth factor 21, FGF21; gastrointestinal, GI