Table 1 Reports of implanted device duration in humans

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Years to decades (Haberler et al. 2000; Moss et al. 2004)

Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Months to years (Nurse et al. 2018)

Depth electrodes

Weeks (Lehongre et al. 2022)

Intracortical electrodes

Years to decades (Hughes et al. 2021; Sponheim et al. 2021; Szymanski et al. 2021; Towle et al. 2020; Woeppel et al. 2021)

Stentrode endovascular electrode array

Years (Mitchell et al. 2023)

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS)

Years (Cameron 2004; Costandi et al. 2020)

Intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS)

 > 10 years (Nashold et al. 1981)

Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS)

Years (Deer et al. 2020; Morgalla et al. 2018)

Cochlear implant

Years to decades (Kim et al. 2020; Nadol et al. 2014; O’Malley et al. 2017)

Retinal prosthesis

Months to Years (Christie et al. 2022b; Daschner et al. 2017; Muqit et al. 2019)

Vagus nerve stimulation

Years to decades (Dibué-Adjei et al. 2019; Siddiqui et al. 2010)

Peripheral nerve stimulation (penetrating)

Years (Čvančara et al. 2023; George et al. 2020)

Peripheral nerve stimulation (cuff)

Years (Christie et al. 2017; Fisher et al. 2009)

Functional electrical stimulation

Years (Kobetic et al. 1999; Triolo et al. 2018, 2012)

Sacral stimulation

 > 5 years (Hull et al. 2013; Siegel et al. 2018)