Fig. 2
Current neuromodulation instantiates a one dose fits all approach. In the near future, personalized medicine employing sensing platforms may identify fingerprints of biomarkers. They will include inflammatory pathways, neuroimmune axis, and/or central sensitization (common in chronic pain syndromes) as bioindicators useful in titration of the therapeutic stimulation paradigm, such as with electrical stimulation or ultrasound stimulation of neural and non-neural cells. Titrated therapeutic stimulation may span dosage duration and/or frequency of dosage during a circadian cycle. Closed loop stimulation titrated in real time can provide an optimized density of therapeutic energy preventing neuroplasticity induced adaptation