Table 1 Spinal stimulation-based therapies designed for multi-modal rehabilitation and/or reporting unintended effects
Publication date | First author | Enrollment | SCI classification | Stimulation modality | Stimulation location | Outcome measures | Multimodal? | stimulation target(s) | Primary unintended/mult-modal effect(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988 | Barolat | 16M | chronic complete and incomplete | eSCS | thoracic | OOM | N | spasms and spasticity | improved bowel, bladder, voluntary motor; no AD |
1991 | Katz | 31M, 2F | chronic complete and incomplete | eSCS | thoracic, lumbar | OOM | N | spasticity | mixed effects on ext. sphincter dyssynergia, a/hyper-reflexia |
1997 | Loubser | 1M | chronic incomplete | eSCS | thoracic | PRO | N | neuropathic pain | urethral spasms; urinary retention |
2000 | Shelyakin | 25 DNR | chronic complete and incomplete | eSCS | thoracic, lumbar | PRO and OOM | Y | voluntary motor and sensation | + sensation; + strength; + HR; - tone |
2005 | Ganley | 2M | chronic incomplete | eSCS | thoracic, lumbar | OOM | N | voluntary motor | - 02 cost of transport; -C02; resp. exchange rate |
2009 | DiMarco | 8M, 1F | chronic incomplete | eSCS | thoracic | PRO and OOM | N | cough | -BP; -HR; leg movements; BB unchanged |
2011 | Harkema | 1M | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | PRO | N | voluntary motor | improved bowel, bladder, sexual, and mechanosensory perception; + spasticity |
2017 | Mercier | 13F (rat) | acute/subacute incomplete | ISMS | cervical | OOM | N | respiration | evoked forelimb EMG |
2017 | Gad | 1 DNR | chronic complete | tSCS | thoracic, coccxygeal | OOM | N | voluntary motor | +HR; -tone; + sensation, respiration, coordination |
2017 | Murray | 1M | chronic incomplete | tSCS | cervicothoracic | PRO and OOM | N | voluntary motor | + diaphoresis; - spasms, clonus; + strength; light touch unchanged; + pin prick |
2018 | Walter | 1M | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | OOM | N | voluntary motor | - bowel prog. time; + pelvic floor tone; cardio unchanged |
2018 | Harkema | 3M, 1F | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbar | PRO | N | cardiovascular | + respiration; + cough |
2018 | Inanici | 1M | chronic incomplete | tSCS | cervical | PRO and OOM | N | voluntary motor | - resid. urine vol.; + proprio; + temp. regulation |
2018 | DiMarco | 1M | chronic incomplete | eSCS | thoracic | PRO | N | cough | motor unchanged; no bowel leakage |
2018 | Aslan | 7M | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | OOM | Y | voluntary motor | + BP; + HR |
2018 | West | 1M | chronic complete | eSCS | thoracic | OOM | Y | cardiovascular | prevent ortho. hypotension; EMG unchanged |
2019 | DiMarco | 3M | chronic complete and incomplete | eSCS | thoracic | PRO | N | cough | + BP; + HR; bowel, bladder unchanged |
2019 | Sayenko | 12M, 3F | chronic complete and incomplete | tSCS | lumbar | PRO and OOM | N | voluntary motor | + spasticity; + tone; spont. voiding; bowel, sexual unchanged; no AD |
2019 | Nightingale | 1M | chronic complete | eSCS | thoracic | OOM | Y | voluntary motor | + V02; + MAP; + peak ventilation |
2019 | Darrow | 2F | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbar | PRO and OOM | N | voluntary motor | mixed effects on BP, bowel, bladder, sexual |
2020 | Herrity | 60M, 25F | chronic complete and incomplete | eSCS | lumbosacral | OOM | Y | voluntary motor | improved bladder capacity, voluntary voiding, and bladder sensation |
2020 | Hofstoetter | 9M, 3F | chronic complete and incomplete | tSCS | lumbar | PRO and OOM | N | spasticity | improved sensation; -tone; -spasms; + hand/wrist ROM; + dexterity; bowel, bladder unchanged |
2020 | Wu | 10M, 3F | chronic complete and incomplete | tSCS | cervical | PRO and OOM | N | voluntary motor | light headedness; nausea; discomfort; mixed HR, BP |
2020 | Beck | 2M | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | OOM | N | voluntary motor | mixed effects on bladder, continence |
2021 | Inanici | 4M, 2F | chronic complete and incomplete | tSCS | cervical | PRO and OOM | N | voluntary motor | - spasticity; +HR; + diaphoresis; ; + voiding; + stability |
2021 | Hoey | 20M, 20F (rat) | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | OOM | N | bowel and bladder | + gross motor responses |
2021 | DiMarco | 5M | chronic complete | eSCS | thoracic | PRO | Y | cough | - bowel prog. time; no mechanical bowel methods; no incontinence; + AD |
2021 | Sachdeva | 1M, 43M (rat) | chronic complete | tSCS | thoracic | OOM | N | autonomic dysreflexia | + HR; - arrhythmia; + core temp; - pelvic floor EMG |
2022 | Kandhari | 9M, 1F | acute and chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | PRO | Y | voluntary motor | + sexual; + bowel, bladder sensation; - bowel prog. time; - spasticity |
2022 | Herrity | 6M, 1F | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | OOM | N | bladder | - BP at max bladder capacity |
2022 | Bandres | 14M (rat) | neurologically intact | ISMS | lumbar | OOM | Y | voluntary motor and neuopathic pain | - neural transmission in spinal pain pathways |
2023 | Bandres | 15M (rat) | chronic incomplete | ISMS | lumbar | OOM | Y | voluntary motor and neuopathic pain | - neural transmission in spinal pain pathways |
2023 | Bandres | 15M (rat) | chronic incomplete | ISMS | lumbar | OOM | Y | voluntary motor and neuopathic pain | - neural transmission in spinal pain pathways; incr. efficacy in SCI-NP than SCI without NP |
2023 | McPherson | 20M (rat) | chronic incomplete | ISMS | lumbar | OOM | Y | voluntary motor and neuopathic pain | - neural transmission in spinal pain pathways; incr. efficacy in SCI-NP than SCI without NP |
2023 | Boakye | 20M, 5F | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | PRO and OOM | Y | voluntary motor and cardiovascular | general improvments along ICF domains; bladder unchanged |
2023 | Gorgey | 1M | chronic complete | eSCS | lumbosacral | OOM | Y | voluntary motor | improved BP, HR on ortho challenge |